Systems and methods for encoding redundant motion vectors in compressed video bitstreams

ABSTRACT

The invention is related to methods and apparatus that encode redundant motion vectors for predictive-coded visual object planes (P-VOPs) to increase the robustness of transmitted video signals. One embodiment provides the redundant motion vectors in a user data video packet of an MPEG-4 compliant bitstream, which thereby allows the enhanced bitstream to remain compliant with MPEG-4 syntax and backwards compatible with MPEG-4 decoders. The enhanced bitstreams allow a video decoder to display a video with a better picture and relatively less error and error propagation when portions of the bitstream are disturbed or corrupted by interference, delays, and the like.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a divisional of application(s) application Ser. No.10/092,373 filed on 5 Mar. 2002 now U.S Pat. No. 7,003,033.

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 119(e) ofU.S. Provisional Application No. 60/273,443, filed Mar. 5, 2001; U.S.Provisional Application No. 60/275,859, filed Mar. 14, 2001; and U.S.Provisional Application No. 60/286,280, filed Apr. 25, 2001, theentireties of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

APPENDIX A

Appendix A, which forms a part of this disclosure, is a list of commonlyowned copending U.S. patent applications. Each of the applicationslisted in Appendix A is hereby incorporated by reference herein in itsentirety.

COPYRIGHT RIGHTS

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains materialwhich is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has noobjection to the facsimile reproduction by any one of the patentdocument or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent andTrademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves allcopyright rights whatsoever.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention is related to video encoding techniques. In particular,the invention relates to systems and methods that generate video codethat is relatively robust to transmission errors.

2. Description of the Related Art

A variety of digital video compression techniques have arisen totransmit or to store a video signal with a lower bandwidth or with lessstorage space. Such video compression techniques include internationalstandards, such as H.261, H.263, H.263+, H.263++, H.26L, MPEG-1, MPEG-2,MPEG-4, and MPEG-7. These compression techniques achieve relatively highcompression ratios by discrete cosine transform (DCT) techniques andmotion compensation (MC) techniques, among others. Such videocompression techniques permit video bitstreams to be efficiently carriedacross a variety of digital networks, such as wireless cellulartelephony networks, computer networks, cable networks, via satellite,and the like.

Unfortunately for users, the various mediums used to carry or transmitdigital video signals do not always work perfectly, and the transmitteddata can be corrupted or otherwise interrupted. Such corruption caninclude errors, dropouts, and delays. Corruption occurs with relativefrequency in some transmission mediums, such as in wireless channels andin asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks. For example, datatransmission in a wireless channel can be corrupted by environmentalnoise, multipath, and shadowing. In another example, data transmissionin an ATM network can be corrupted by network congestion and bufferoverflow.

Corruption in a data stream or bitstream that is carrying video cancause disruptions to the displayed video. Even the loss of one bit ofdata can result in a loss of synchronization with the bitstream, whichresults in the unavailability of subsequent bits until a synchronizationcodeword is received. These errors in transmission can cause frames tobe missed, blocks within a frame to be missed, and the like. Onedrawback to a relatively highly compressed data stream is an increasedsusceptibility to corruption in the transmission of the data streamcarrying the video signal.

Those in the art have sought to develop techniques to mitigate againstthe corruption of data in the bitstream. For example, error concealmenttechniques can be used in an attempt to hide errors in missing orcorrupted blocks. However, error concealment does not work well wherethe corrupted block is not similar in appearance to adjacent blocks. Inanother example, forward error correction (FEC) techniques are used torecover corrupted bits, and thus reconstruct data in the event ofcorruption. However, FEC techniques disadvantageously introduceredundant data, which increases the bandwidth of the bitstream for thevideo or decreases the amount of effective bandwidth remaining for thevideo. Also, FEC techniques are computationally complex to implement. Inaddition, conventional FEC techniques are not compatible with theinternational standards, such as H.261, H.263, MPEG-2, and MPEG-4, butinstead, have to be implemented at a higher, “systems” level.

One approach to mitigate against corrupted data is to modify the syntaxof the video coders to use a single motion vector with a lag value thatindicates the frame number from which the motion is referenced, i.e.,the motion vector depends on one of several previous frames. SeeBudagavi, M., et al., “Error Propagation in Motion Compensated Videoover Wireless Channels,” Proc. ICIP '97, Vol. 2 (October 1997), pp.89–92. Disadvantageously, only a single motion vector is transmitted,and there is no redundancy. Further disadvantageously, the lag value isnot part of the international standards so that a video encoded withsingle motion vectors and lag values is not backwards compatible with adecoder that decodes motion vectors based on only the previous frame,such as decoders that are compatible with the international standards ofH.261, H.263, MPEG-2, and MPEG-4.

Another approach to mitigate against corrupted data is to usedouble-vector motion compensation. Each block in a k-th frame, F.sub.k,is motion compensated from a weighted superposition of a motion vectorfrom a block in a previous frame, F.sub.k−1, and a block from a framethat is previous to the previous frame, F.sub.k−2. When one of these twoblocks is corrupted, the decoder suppresses its error propagation bypredicting the block in the k-th frame, F.sub.k, from the remainingblock that is not corrupted, either F.sub.k−1 or F.sub.k−2. See Kim,C.-S., et al., “Robust Transmission of Video Sequence UsingDouble-Vector Motion Compensation,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits andSystems for Video Technology, Vol. 11, No. 9 (Sep. 2001), pp. 1011–1021.However, the double-vector motion compensation technique is not backwardcompatible with existing international standards, such as H.261, H.263,MPEG-2, and MPeg-4.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is related to methods and apparatus that encode redundantmotion vectors for predictive-coded visual object planes (P-VOPs) toincrease the robustness of transmitted video signals. One embodimentprovides the redundant motion vectors in a user data video packet of anMPEG-4 compliant bitstream, which thereby allows the enhanced bitstreamto remain compliant with MPEG-4 syntax and backwards compatible withMPEG-4 decoders. The enhanced bitstreams allow a video decoder todisplay a video with a better picture and relatively less error anderror propagation when portions of the bitstream are disturbed orcorrupted by interference, delays, and the like.

One embodiment of the invention includes a video encoder adapted tocompress video information in a robust coded bitstream comprising: adefinition module adapted to receive video frames and to parse the videoframes into video objects; and a video object plane (VOP) encodersadapted to generate intra-coded VOPs (I-VOPs) and predictive-coded VOPs(P-VOPs) that correspond to the video objects, where a video encoderfrom the VOP encoders is configured to generate a predictive-coded VOP(P-VOP) from the video frame, where the VOP encoder is configured togenerate a standard motion vector for the video object of the presentframe, where the standard motion vector references motion to a portionof a frame that is immediately prior to the present frame, where the VOPencoder is configured to generate a redundant motion vector that isindependent of the standard motion vector for the video object of thepresent frame, where the redundant motion vector references motion to aportion of a frame that is prior to the frame referenced by the standardmotion vector, where the VOP encoder embeds the redundant motion vectorin a data packet, where an output of the VOP encoder is related to therobust coded bitstream.

Another embodiment includes a motion encoder that robustly encodestemporal movement of video object planes (VOPs) for a first video framein a sequence of video frames to be encoded, the motion encodercomprising: a previous VOP memory configured to store VOPs of a secondvideo frame, where the second video frame corresponds to a video framethat is immediately prior to the first video frame; a previous VOPreconstruction circuit in communication with the previous VOP memory,where the previous VOP reconstruction circuit is configured toreconstruct video objects from the previous VOP memory; a first motionvector generator adapted to generate a standard motion vector from afirst video object in the first video frame and a first reconstructedvideo object from the previous VOP reconstruction circuit;previous-previous VOP memory configured to store VOPs of at least athird video frame, where the third video frame corresponds to a videoframe that is immediately prior to the second video frame; aprevious-previous VOP reconstruction circuit in communication with theprevious VOP memory, where the previous-previous VOP reconstructioncircuit is configured to reconstruct video objects from theprevious-previous VOP memory; and a second motion vector generator togenerate a standard motion vector from the first video object in thefirst video frame and a second reconstructed video object from theprevious-previous VOP reconstruction circuit.

Another embodiment includes a process of providing a redundant motionvectors in an encoded video bitstream, the process comprising: receivinga plurality of video frames to be encoded; determining whether to encodea video frame as an Intra-coded frame (I-frame) or as a Predictive-codedframe (P-frame); when encoding a P-frame: encoding a first video objectin the frame as a first predictive video object plane (P-VOP);determining whether the first P-VOP is related to a second VOP in avideo frame at least two video frames prior to the P-frame that is beingencoded; and computing a redundant motion vector that references motionfor the first P-VOP based on the second VOP.

Another embodiment includes a video bitstream that carries a pluralityof video frames including intra-coded frames (I-frames) andpredictive-coded frames (P-frames), the video bitstream comprising: aplurality of packets that carry video object planes (VOPs), where theplurality of packets include packets for intra-coded VOPs (I-VOPs) andpackets for predictive-coded VOPs (P-VOPs); and a plurality of secondpackets, where a second packet carries at least one redundant motionvector corresponding to a P-VOP in the video bitstream.

Another embodiment includes a user data video packet in a videobitstream comprising: a start code corresponding to syntax thatindicates a user data video packet; and data corresponding to a motionvector of a portion of a first frame relative to a portion of a secondframe earlier in time than the first frame.

Another embodiment includes a video encoder that provides redundantmotion vectors in an encoded video bitstream comprising: means forreceiving a plurality of video frames to be encoded; means fordetermining whether to encode a video frame as an Intra-coded frame(I-frame) or as a Predictive-coded frame (P-frame); means for encoding afirst video object in the frame as a first predictive video object plane(P-VOP) when encoding a P-frame; means for determining whether the firstP-VOP is related to a second VOP in a video frame at least two videoframes prior to the P-frame that is being encoded when encoding aP-frame; and means for computing a redundant motion vector thatreferences motion for the first P-VOP based on the second VOP.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features of the invention will now be described withreference to the drawings summarized below. These drawings and theassociated description are provided to illustrate preferred embodimentsof the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of theinvention.

FIG. 1 illustrates a networked system for implementing a videodistribution system in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates a sequence of frames.

FIGS. 3A–D illustrate error propagation in a sequence of frames.

FIG. 4A illustrates a sequence of macroblocks.

FIG. 4B illustrates a sequence of macroblocks with a missing macroblock.

FIG. 5A illustrates a sequence of macroblocks according to an embodimentof the invention.

FIG. 5B illustrates a sequence of macroblocks according to an embodimentof the invention with a missing macroblock.

FIG. 6 illustrates a sequence of macroblocks according to an embodimentof the invention.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a video encoder according to an embodimentof the invention.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a predictive-coded video object plane(P-VOP) encoder according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart that generally illustrates a process according toan embodiment of the invention of encoding a portion of a videobitstream to include a redundant motion vector.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart that generally illustrates a process according toan embodiment of the invention of optionally encoding a portion of avideo bitstream with sequential intra-frames to enhance the robustnessof the video bitstream.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart that generally illustrates another processaccording to an embodiment of the invention of encoding a portion of avideo bitstream to include a redundant motion vector, where theredundant motion vector can be referenced to a selected previous frame.

FIG. 12A illustrates a sample of a video bitstream according to theprior art.

FIG. 12B illustrates a sample of a video bitstream according to anembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram of a video decoder according to an embodimentof the invention.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram of a video object plane (VOP) decoderaccording to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 15 is a flowchart that generally illustrates a process according toan embodiment of the invention of decoding a video bitstream encodedwith redundant motion vectors, where the process uses a redundant motionvector as a backup to a standard motion vector.

FIG. 16 consists of FIGS. 16A and 16B and is a flowchart that generallyillustrates another process according to an embodiment of the inventionof decoding a video bitstream encoded with redundant motion vectors,where the process uses a redundant motion vectors as a backup to astandard motion vector or in response to a high error estimate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Although this invention will be described in terms of certain preferredembodiments, other embodiments that are apparent to those of ordinaryskill in the art, including embodiments that do not provide all of thebenefits and features set forth herein, are also within the scope ofthis invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is defined onlyby reference to the appended claims.

Embodiments of the invention advantageously allow relatively highlycompressed video bitstreams, such as MPEG bitstreams, to be robustlyencoded for protection against relatively spotty reception of the videobitstream. Where a video bitstream is received in real time, robustencoding is desirable because there is often not enough time to requestand to receive a missing data packet in real time. Further, wherereception of the video bitstream is lost, bits that are subsequentlyreceived may not be usable until resynchronization bits are received. Inaddition, even when a packet of data in a video bitstream is received,if the packet is not timely received due to network congestion and thelike, the packet may not be usable for decoding of the video bitstream.Advantageously, embodiments of the invention can use a redundant motionvector to reference motion even when a frame has been lost or droppeddue to interference, weak signals, and the like. Further advantageously,the video bitstreams can be encoded in such a manner to retaincompatibility with existing video decoders.

FIG. 1 illustrates a networked system for implementing a videodistribution system in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.An encoding computer 102 receives a video signal, which is to be encodedto a relatively compact and robust format. The encoding computer 102 cancorrespond to a variety of machine types, including general purposecomputers that execute software and to specialized hardware. Theencoding computer 102 can receive a video sequence from a wide varietyof sources, such as via a satellite receiver 104, a video camera 106,and a video conferencing terminal 108. The video camera 106 cancorrespond to a variety of camera types, such as video camera recorders,Web cams, cameras built into wireless devices, and the like. Videosequences can also be stored in a data store 110. The data store 110 canbe internal to or external to the encoding computer 102. The data store110 can include devices such as tapes, hard disks, optical disks, andthe like. It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art thata data store, such as the data store 110 illustrated in FIG. 1, canstore unencoded video, encoded video, or both. In one embodiment, theencoding computer 102 retrieves unencoded video from a data store, suchas the data store 110, encodes the unencoded video, and stores theencoded video to a data store, which can be the same data store oranother data store. It will be understood that a source for the videocan include a source that was originally taken in a film format.

The encoding computer 102 distributes the encoded video to a receivingdevice, which decodes the encoded video. The receiving device cancorrespond to a wide variety of devices that can display video. Forexample, the receiving devices shown in the illustrated networked systeminclude a cell phone 112, a personal digital assistant (PDA) 114, alaptop computer 116, and a desktop computer 118. The receiving devicescan communicate with the encoding computer 102 through a communicationnetwork 120, which can correspond to a variety of communication networksincluding a wireless communication network. It will be understood by oneof ordinary skill in the art that a receiving device, such as the cellphone 112, can also be used to transmit a video signal to the encodingcomputer 102.

The encoding computer 102, as well as a receiving device or decoder, cancorrespond to a wide variety of computers. For example, the encodingcomputer 102 can be any microprocessor or processor (hereinafterreferred to as processor) controlled device, including, but not limitedto a terminal device, such as a personal computer, a workstation, aserver, a client, a mini computer, a main-frame computer, a laptopcomputer, a network of individual computers, a mobile computer, a palmtop computer, a hand held computer, a set top box for a TV, aninteractive television, an interactive kiosk, a personal digitalassistant (PDA), an interactive wireless communications device, a mobilebrowser, a Web enabled cell phone, or a combination thereof. Thecomputer may further possess input devices such as a keyboard, a mouse,a trackball, a touch pad, or a touch screen and output devices such as acomputer screen, printer, speaker, or other input devices now inexistence or later developed.

The encoding computer 102, as well as a decoder, described cancorrespond to a uniprocessor or multiprocessor machine. Additionally,the computers can include an addressable storage medium or computeraccessible medium, such as random access memory (RAM), an electronicallyerasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), hard disks, floppydisks, laser disk players, digital video devices, Compact Disc ROMs,DVD-ROMs, video tapes, audio tapes, magnetic recording tracks,electronic networks, and other techniques to transmit or storeelectronic content such as, by way of example, programs and data. In oneembodiment, the computers are equipped with a network communicationdevice such as a network interface card, a modem, Infra-Red (1R) port,or other network connection device suitable for connecting to a network.Furthermore, the computers execute an appropriate operating system, suchas Linux, Unix, Microsoft.RTM. Windows.RTM. 3.1, Microsoft.RTM.Windows.RTM. 95, Microsoft.RTM. Windows.RTM. 98, Microsoft.RTM.Windows.RTM. NT, Microsoft.RTM. Windows.RTM. 2000, Microsoft.RTM.Windows.RTM. Me, Microsoft.RTM. Windows.RTM. XP, Apple.RTM. MacOS.RTM.,IBM.RTM. OS/2.RTM., Microsoft.RTM. Windows.RTM. CE, or Palm OS.RTM. Asis conventional, the appropriate operating system may advantageouslyinclude a communications protocol implementation, which handles allincoming and outgoing message traffic passed over the network, which caninclude a wireless network. In other embodiments, while the operatingsystem may differ depending on the type of computer, the operatingsystem may continue to provide the appropriate communications protocolsnecessary to establish communication links with the network.

FIG. 2 illustrates a sequence of frames. A video sequence includesmultiple video frames taken at intervals. The rate at which the framesare displayed is referred to as the frame rate. In addition totechniques used to compress still video, motion video techniques relatea frame at time k to a frame at time k−1 to further compress the videoinformation into relatively small amounts of data. However, if the frameat time k−1 is not available due to an error, such as a transmissionerror, conventional video techniques may not be able to properly decodethe frame at time k. As will be explained later, embodiments of theinvention advantageously encode the video stream in a robust manner suchthat the frame at time k can be decoded even when the frame at time k−1is not available.

The frames in a sequence of frames can correspond to either interlacedframes or to non-interlaced frames, i.e., progressive frames. In aninterlaced frame, each frame is made of two separate fields, which areinterlaced together to create the frame. No such interlacing isperformed in a non-interlaced or progressive frame. While illustrated inthe context of non-interlaced or progressive video, the skilled artisanwill appreciate that the principles and advantages described herein areapplicable to both interlaced video and non-interlaced video. Inaddition, while embodiments of the invention are described in thecontext of MPEG-4 and video object planes (VOPs), the principles andadvantages described herein are also applicable to other videostandards, including H.261, H.263, and MPEG-2, as well as videostandards yet to be developed, which may or may not use VOPs.

The MPEG-4 standard is defined in “Coding of Audio-Visual Objects:Systems,” 14496-1, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 N2501, Nov. 1998, and “Codingof Audio-Visual Objects: Visual,” 14496-2, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 N2502,Nov. 1998, and the MPEG-4 Video Verification Model is defined in ISO/IECJTC 1/SC 29/WG 11, “MPEG-4 Video Verification Model 17.0,” ISO/IECJTC1/SC29/WG11 N3515, Beijing, China, July 2000, the contents of whichare incorporated herein in their entirety.

In an MPEG-4 system, a frame in a sequence of frames is encoded into anumber of video objects known as video object planes (VOPs). A frame canbe encoded into a single VOP or in multiple VOPs. In one system, such asa wireless system, each frame includes only one VOP so that a VOP is aframe. In other systems, such as MPEG-2, a frame is encoded intomacroblocks. The VOPs are transmitted to a receiver, where they aredecoded by a decoder back into video objects for display. A VOP cancorrespond to an intra-coded VOP (I-VOP), to a predictive-coded VOP(P-VOP) to a bidirectionally-predictive coded VOP (B-VOP), or to asprite VOP (S-VOP). An I-VOP is not dependent on information fromanother frame or picture, i.e., an I-VOP is independently decoded. Whena frame consists entirely of I-VOPs, the frame is called an I-Frame.Such frames are commonly used in situations such as a scene change.Although the lack of dependence on content from another frame allows anI-VOP to be robustly transmitted and received, an I-VOPdisadvantageously consumes a relatively large amount of data or databandwidth as compared to a P-VOP or B-VOP. To efficiently compress andtransmit video, many VOPs in video frames correspond to P-VOPs.

A P-VOP efficiently encodes a video object by referencing the videoobject to a past VOP, i.e., to a video object (encoded by a VOP) earlierin time. This past VOP is referred to as a reference VOP. For example,where an object in a frame at time k is related to an object in a frameat time k−1, motion compensation encoded in a P-VOP can be used toencode the video object with less information than with an I-VOP. Thereference VOP can be either an I-VOP or a P-VOP.

A B-VOP uses both a past VOP and a future VOP as reference VOPs. In areal-time video bitstream, a B-VOP should not be used. However, theprinciples and advantages described herein can also apply to a videobitstream with B-VOPs. An S-VOP is used to display animated objects.

The encoded VOPs are organized into macroblocks. A macroblock includessections for storing luminance (brightness) components and sections forstoring chrominance (color) components. The macroblocks are transmittedand received via the communication network 120. It will be understood byone of ordinary skill in the art that the communication of the data canfurther include other communication layers, such as modulation to anddemodulation from code division multiple access (CDMA). It will beunderstood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the video bitstreamcan also include corresponding audio information, which is also encodedand decoded.

FIGS. 3A–D illustrate error propagation in a sequence of frames. FIGS.3A and 3B correspond to images encoded and decoded without error. Thescene changes between FIGS. 3A and 3B. FIGS. 3C and 3D illustrate thesame scenes as FIGS. 3A and 3B, respectively, but in the presence oftransmission errors. FIGS. 3C and 3D are shown with the error resiliencyof a reference decoder. As illustrated in FIGS. 3C and 3D, thetransmission errors undesirably propagate to the observed images.Systems and methods mitigate against these transmission errors.

FIG. 4A illustrates a sequence of macroblocks for a correspondingsequence of frames. FIG. 4A corresponds to what is encoded and sent, andwhat is desirably received. FIG. 4A is drawn with a first macroblock402, a second macroblock 404, a third macroblock 406, a fourthmacroblock 408, a fifth macroblock 410, a sixth macroblock 412, and aseventh macroblock 414. As drawn in FIGS. 4A and 4B, time increases tothe right. The seven illustrated macroblocks 402–414 can correspond to avariety of VOP types. For example, the seven illustrated macroblocks402–414 can correspond to a sequence of VOPs such as {I,P,P,P,P,I,P},{P,I,P,P,I,P,I}, {I,I,P,P,P,P,P}, and the like. Where the macroblocksare properly received, the corresponding picture can be decoded asintended.

FIG. 4B illustrates the effect of an error in transmission for a priorart system. In FIG. 4B, the fourth macroblock 408 is missing. The fourthmacroblock 408 corresponds to a macroblock at time k. Where the fifthmacroblock 410, at time k+1, depends on the fourth macroblock 408 for areference VOP, an error in the corresponding picture may result. Forexample, if the fifth macroblock 410 corresponds to a P-VOP, the fifthmacroblock 410 includes motion vectors that define relative motionbetween a VOP corresponding to the fourth macroblock 408 and the P-VOPin the fifth macroblock 410, as indicated by an arrow 420 in FIG. 4A. Asillustrated by FIG. 4B however, when the fourth macroblock 408 ismissing or dropped, the motion vector in the fifth macroblock 410 has noreference from which to estimate motion. Further compounding theproblem, the sixth macroblock 412 and the seventh macroblock 414 canalso correspond to P-VOPs, which depend on the fifth macroblock 410 andthe sixth macroblock 412, respectively, to display the video object asintended. Thus, an error that occurs as a result of a single missing ordropped macroblock can undesirably propagate to multiple macroblocks.

The arrows in FIGS. 4A and 4B indicate that a VOP in a macroblock candepend on a previous or reference VOP in a prior macroblock. It will beunderstood by one of ordinary skill in the art that a macroblock in FIG.4A or 4B can also correspond to an I-VOP, which does not depend onanother VOP.

FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate a sequence of macroblocks according to anembodiment of the invention. As will be explained in greater detailbelow, a VOP corresponding to a macroblock in the sequence at a timet.sub.0 can advantageously depend not only on a VOP in a macroblock thatis immediately prior (t.sub.0−1) (in the previous frame), but also to amacroblock that is immediately prior to the macroblock that isimmediately prior (t.sub.0−2) (in the previous-previous frame). Anotherembodiment according to the invention where the macroblock can depend ona prior macroblock (t.sub.0−x) that is prior to the immediately priormacroblock (t.sub.0−1), but not necessarily the immediately prior to theimmediately prior macroblock (t.sub.0−2) is described later inconnection with FIG. 6, i.e., can depend not only on theprevious-previous frame, but on the previous-previous-previous frame, orthe previous-previous-previous-previous frame, and the like.

FIG. 5A corresponds to what is encoded and transmitted, and also to whatis desirably received, i.e., FIG. 5A corresponds to the case where thereis no missing or dropped macroblock. FIG. 5B corresponds to the casewhere there is a missing or dropped macroblock.

FIG. 5A is drawn with a first macroblock 502, a second macroblock 504, athird macroblock 506, a fourth macroblock 508, a fifth macroblock 510, asixth macroblock 512, and a seventh macroblock 514. In FIGS. 5A and 5B,time increases to the right. The illustrated macroblocks 502–514 cancorrespond to a variety of VOP types, such as to I-VOPs or to P-VOPs.For the purposes of illustrating principles and advantages of thesequence, the illustrated macroblocks 502-514 correspond to P-VOPs.According to the MPEG-4 standard, a P-VOP depends on a previous VOP. Forexample, a P-VOP in the second macroblock 504 references a VOP in thefirst macroblock 502, as indicated by a first arrow 520. A second arrow522, a third arrow 524, a fourth arrow 526, a fifth arrow 528, and asixth arrow 530 indicate potential dependencies from the contents of thethird macroblock 506, the fourth macroblock 508, the fifth macroblock510, the sixth macroblock 512, and the seventh macroblock 514,respectively, on the macroblock that is immediately prior to each.

FIG. 5A also illustrates other dependencies on prior macroblocks thatare other t h a n the immediately prior macroblock. These otherdependencies are represented by curved arrows. A first curved arrow 540represents a dependency from the third macroblock 506, which correspondsto a frame at time k−1, to the first macroblock 502, which correspondsto a frame at time k−3. The first curved arrow 540 represents aredundant motion vector that can be used as a backup when the secondmacroblock 504 is not properly received. The use of the redundant motionvector represented by the first curved arrow 540 can advantageouslyreduce errors in the display of the third frame at time k−1 and canfurther reduce error propagation in subsequent frames. A second curvedarrow 542, a third curved arrow 544, a fourth curved arrow 546, and afifth curved arrow 548 correspond to redundant motion vectors that canbe used by VOPs in the fourth macroblock 508, the fifth macroblock 510,the sixth macroblock 512, and the seventh macroblock 514, respectively.As will be described later in connection with FIG. 12B, one embodimentof the invention advantageously encodes these redundant motion vectorsto retain backward compatibility with existing MPEG-4 decoders.

It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that where amacroblock corresponds to an I-VOP, that the macroblock will not dependon any other macroblock. It will be also understood by one of ordinaryskill in the art that where a macroblock corresponds to an I-VOP, asubsequent macroblock with a redundant motion vector referencing a VOPprior to the I-VOP may not be practical. However, as will be describedlater in connection with FIG. 10, one embodiment of the inventionencodes two I-VOPs in sequence, thereby allowing the utilization of aredundant motion vector referenced from a VOP prior to the immediatelyprior VOP.

FIG. 5B illustrates a sequence of macroblocks according to an embodimentof the invention with a missing or dropped macroblock. In FIG. 5B, thefourth macroblock 508, corresponding to a frame at time k, is missingfrom the sequence. This simulates the effect of missing or dropping aframe at time k due to interference or delay in receiving thecorresponding video bitstream data. In a conventional MPEG-4 system,when a macroblock is dropped, a macroblock with content that isdependent on the dropped macroblock cannot properly be properly decodedas the reference VOP is missing. By contrast, in an embodiment accordingto the invention, where a macroblock is missing, a subsequent macroblockwith a VOP that depends on a reference VOP in the missing macroblock canstill be decoded. For example, where the missing macroblock is thefourth macroblock 508, a P-VOP in the fifth macroblock 510 can use theVOP in the third macroblock 506 as a reference VOP by using theredundant motion vector represented by the third curved arrow 544. Aswill be described later in connection with FIG. 16, one embodimentaccording to the invention can also use the redundant motion vector insituations other than when the reference frame for the standard motionvector is not available.

FIG. 6 illustrates a sequence of macroblocks according to an embodimentof the invention. In FIG. 6, a macroblock with a P-VOP can depend notonly on the prior macroblock, but also on a previous-previous-previousmacroblock. For example, a time-k macroblock 602 includes a standardmotion vector indicated by a first arrow 604 that relates motion to aVOP carried by a time (k−1) macroblock 606 at time k−1. The P-VOPcarried by the time-k macroblock 602 can also reference motion to areference VOP carried by a time (k−3) macroblock 608 via a redundantmotion vector, which is indicated by a curved arrow 610. It will beapparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that other dependencies onother macroblocks, and combinations of these dependencies are possible.For example, one embodiment according to the invention can encode aredundant motion vector by reference to a VOP selected from aprevious.sup.2 frame or a previous.sup.3 frame, and can further includea value to indicate which frame should be used as the reference frame.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a video encoder 700 according to anembodiment of the invention. The video encoder 700 can be implemented bya variety of techniques, such as in dedicated hardware with anapplication specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmablegate array (FPGA), and the like. The video encoder 700 can also beimplemented by software or firmware executing by a microprocessor,microcontroller, or digital signal processor (DSP) device, such as bysoftware executing in a general purpose computer. The video encoder 700receives video frames as an input 702. Each video frame is applied to aVOP definition stage 704, which divides the frame into video objects. Itwill be understood that the frame can be defined by a single videoobject with a rectangular shape. Each video object is encoded by encoderstages 706–712. In one embodiment, the encoder stages 706–712 code thevideo objects into I-VOPs or into P-VOPs. In one embodiment, whenencoding a video object as a P-VOP, an encoder stage advantageously alsoencodes a redundant motion vector for each macroblock in a VOP. Inanother embodiment, a redundant motion vector is encoded for selectedVOPs. Further details of one embodiment of an encoder stage configuredto encode a video object as a P-VOP is described later in connectionwith FIG. 8. A multiplexer 714 receives the encoded VOPs and generates acoded bitstream 716, which carries the encoded video data.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a predictive-coded video object plane(P-VOP) encoder 800 according to an embodiment of the invention. It willbe understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the P-VOP encoder800 can be implemented by dedicated hardware or by software executing ina general-purpose computer. The illustrated P-VOP encoder 800 mayoptionally include a shape encoder 802. It will be understood that wherea frame includes only one VOP, the shape encoder 802 is not needed and ashape information 812 can be hard-wired or hard-coded. Where the shapeencoder 802 is used, video object data 810 is provided as an input tothe shape encoder 802, which encodes the shape of the video object, andprovides the shape information 812 to the multiplexer 808 as an input.For example, a video object can be encoded with a shape of rectangular.

The video object data 810 is also provided as an input to a first motionestimator 826. The first motion estimator 826 generates a standardmotion vector 814, which is provided as an input to the multiplexer 808.A first texture coder 834 generates a texture information 816, which isalso provided to the multiplexer 808 as an input. The multiplexer 808time-division multiplexes the inputs to an encoded VOP data 809.

The illustrated P-VOP encoder 800 includes a previous-previous VOPreconstruction 822, a previous VOP reconstruction 824, the first motionestimator 826, a first motion compensator 828, a first differencing node830, a first summing node 832, and the first texture coder 834. Theprevious-previous VOP reconstruction 822 receives the prior frame fromthe previous VOP reconstruction 824, so that the previous-previous VOPreconstruction 822 provides the VOP from the previous-previous frame,e.g., if a VOP from a frame at time k is encoded by the P-VOP encoder800, the previous-previous VOP reconstruction 822 provides thecorresponding VOP from the frame at time k−2. The previous video objectis reconstructed from the stored VOP by the previous VOP reconstruction824. The reconstructed previous video object is provided as an input tothe first motion estimator 826 and to the first motion compensator 828.

The video object data 810 is also provided as an input to the firstmotion estimator 826. The first motion estimator 826 compares the videoobject data 810 to the reconstructed previous video object from theprevious VOP reconstruction 824 and generates an estimate for a motionvector. The estimate for the motion vector is provided as an input tothe first motion compensator 828. The first motion compensator 828applies the estimated motion vector to the previous VOP from theprevious VOP reconstruction 824, and provides the result to the firstdifferencing node 830 and to the first summing node 832. The firstdifferencing node 830 compares the motion compensated previous videoobject to the video object data 810, and provides the result as an inputto the first texture coder 834. The first texture coder 834 encodes thetexture of the video object and generates a first feedback signal, whichis provided as an input to the first summing node 832. The first texturecoder 834 uses techniques such as the discrete cosine transform (DCT).The first summing node 832 receives the first feedback signal from thefirst texture coder 834 and the estimated motion vector from the firstmotion compensator 828 and provides a second feedback signal as an inputto the previous VOP reconstruction 824.

FIG. 8 further illustrates a second motion estimator 846 and a secondmotion compensator 848. The previous-previous video object isreconstructed from the stored VOP by the previous-previous VOPreconstruction 822. The reconstructed previous-previous video object isprovided as an input to the second motion estimator 846 and to thesecond motion compensator 848.

The video object data 810 is also provided as an input to the secondmotion estimator 846. The second motion estimator 846 compares the videoobject data 810 to the reconstructed previous-previous video object fromthe previous-previous VOP reconstruction 822 and generates an estimatefor a motion vector that references the video object from theprevious-previous frame. The estimate for the motion vector is providedas an input to the second motion compensator 848. In one embodiment, thesecond motion compensator 848 optionally provides the result to thesecond differencing node 850. FIG. 8 further illustrates an optionalsecond texture coder 854.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart 900 that generally illustrates a process accordingto an embodiment of the invention of encoding a portion of a videobitstream to include a redundant motion vector that references motionrelative to a VOP in a previous-previous frame. The process can beperformed in real time or asynchronously in a batch process. Forexample, the encoded video data can be stored in a buffer or a memorydevice and retrieved from the buffer or the memory device afterprocessing is complete. Another process, where a redundant motion vectorreferences motion relative to a VOP selected from one of the previousframes, is described later in connection with FIG. 11. The processstarts at a first state 904 where the process receives the sequence ofvideo frames. The video frames can be received from video cameras, videoconferencing terminals, transmissions, or retrieved from data storessuch as video tapes, hard disks, and the like. The process advances fromthe first state 904 to a second state 908.

In the second state 908, the process performs pre-processing steps, asappropriate, to the sequence of video frames. For example, the processcan add or delete frames to adjust the frame rate, can adjust theresolution of the frames, and the like. It will be understood thatprocess does not encode a frame that is deleted from the sequence ofvideo frames. The process advances from the second state 908 to a startof a first FOR loop 912.

In the start of the first FOR loop 912, the process evaluates whetherthe applicable frames of the frame sequence have been processed orwhether there are more frames that are yet to be processed. When theprocess has completed processing of the frames, the process ends. Whenthere are more frames to be processed, the process proceeds from thestart of the first FOR loop 912 to a first decision block 916. It willbe understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the first FORloop 912 can be implemented with other loops, such as a WHILE or GOTOloop.

In the first decision block 916, the process determines whether toencode the frame as an intra-Frame (I-Frame) or as a predictive-Frame(P-Frame). The process proceeds from the first decision block 916 to athird state 920 when the frame should be encoded as an I-Frame. Theprocess proceeds from the first decision block 916 to a start of asecond FOR loop 924 when the frame should be encoded as a P-Frame. Inone embodiment, the first decision block 916 uses standard encodingdecisions to determine when to encode as an I-Frame and when to encodeas a P-Frame. In one embodiment, another process described later inconnection with FIG. 10 determines which frames should be encoded asI-Frames and which frames should be encoded as P-Frames.

In the third state 920, all the video objects of the frame are encodedas I-VOPs and the process advances from the third state 920 to a fourthstate 928.

In the start of the second FOR loop 924, the process determines whetherthe video objects of the frame have been processed to VOPs. Whenprocessing of the VOPs is complete, the process proceeds from the startof the second FOR loop 924 to the fourth state 928. When there arefurther VOPs to be processed, the process proceeds from the start of thesecond FOR loop 924 to a fifth state 932. It will be understood by oneof ordinary skill in the art that the second FOR loop 924 can beimplemented with other loops, such as a WHILE loop.

In the fourth state 928, the process sends the processed encoded frameto an output. The output can correspond to a storage device, to atransmitting device, to a transmit buffer, and the like. The processreturns from the fourth state 928 to the start of the first FOR loop912.

In the fifth state 932, the process encodes the video object to a VOP.The VOP can correspond to an I-VOP or to a P-VOP. The process advancesfrom the fifth state 932 to a second decision block 936. In the seconddecision block 936, the process determines whether the VOP was encodedas an I-VOP or as a P-VOP. The process proceeds from the second decisionblock 936 to a third decision block 940 when the VOP corresponds to aP-VOP. The process returns from the second decision block 936 to thestart of the second FOR loop 924.

In the third decision block 940, the process determines whether theprevious-previous frame is related to the present frame. The processproceeds from the third decision block 940 to a sixth state 944 when theprevious-previous frame is related to the present frame. The processreturns from the third decision block 940 to the start of the second FORloop 924 when the previous-previous frame is unrelated to the presentframe. When the previous-previous frame is unrelated to the presentframe, a P-VOP in the present frame should not be referenced to theprevious-previous frame. An example of when the previous-previous frameis unrelated to the present frame occurs when there is an interveningscene change between the previous-previous frame and the present frame.As will be described later in connection with FIG. 10, one embodiment ofthe process further encodes scene changes and/or rapidly changing scenesas consecutive I-VOPs, which allows a redundant motion vector in a P-VOPto reference a VOP in a previous-previous frame and provide robustencoding.

In the sixth state 944, the process computes a redundant motion vectorfor the present VOP based on a corresponding VOP in theprevious-previous frame. The process advances from the sixth state 944to a seventh state 948.

In the seventh state 948, the process stores the redundant motion vectorin a user data video packet. Advantageously, storage of the redundantmotion vector in the user data video packet allows the generated videobitstream to be backward compatible with standard MPEG-4 decoders.Although a standard MPEG-4 decoder is not capable of utilizing theredundant motion vector data, the presence of the redundant motionvector data advantageously does not disturb the MPEG-4 decoder fromdecoding the other portions of the video bitstream, which can complywith the MPEG-4 standard. A standard MPEG-4 decoder ignores data that ispresent in a user data video packet. The user data video packet isindicated by providing a user data start code, which is a bit string of000001B2 in hexadecimal (start code value of B2), as the start code ofthe data packet. The user data start code instructs a standard MPEG-4decoder to ignore data received after the user data start code until thereceipt of another start code. In one embodiment, the next start codecorresponds to a VOP start code, which has a start code value of B6(hex). Further details of the user data video packet are described laterin connection with FIG. 12B. The process advances from the seventh state948 to an optional eighth state 952.

In the optional eighth state 952, the process includes a headerextension code (HEC) to the user data video packet generated in theseventh state 948. The presence of the HEC permits a decoder that iscapable of utilizing the redundant motion vector to use the contents ofthe user data video packet, i.e., use the redundant motion vector, evenif the other packets relating to the P-VOP are lost. The process returnsfrom the optional eighth state 952 to the start of the second FOR loop924 to process the next VOP.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart 1000 that generally illustrates a processaccording to an embodiment of the invention of optionally encoding aportion of a video bitstream with sequential intra-frames (I-Frames) toenhance the robustness of the video bitstream. The process can beperformed in real time or asynchronously in a batch process. The processcan be used by the first decision block 916 described earlier inconnection with FIG. 9 to determine when a frame should be encoded as anI-Frame and when a frame should be encoded as a P-Frame.

The process begins at a first decision block 1004. When the processdetects a scene change between the present frame, e.g., frame at time k,and the previous frame, e.g., frame at time k−1, the process proceedsfrom the first decision block 1004 to a first state 1008. When theprocess does not detect a scene change between the present frame and theprevious frame, the process proceeds from the first decision block 1004to a second decision block 1012. In one embodiment, the process detectsa scene change by detecting a rapidly changing scene.

In the second decision block 1012, the process determines whether thepresent frame is a frame that occurs after a scene change or arelatively rapidly changing scene. One embodiment encodes twoconsecutive I-Frames after a scene change or relatively rapidly changingscene for more robust encoding and also so that a redundant motionvector in a subsequent P-VOP can still reference a previous-previousframe. Whether a frame corresponds to a frame after a scene change canbe determined by setting and reading a flag. When the present framecorresponds to a frame after a scene change or relatively rapidlychanging scene, the process proceeds from the second decision block 1012to the first state 1008. When the present frame does not correspond tothe frame after a scene change, the process proceeds from the seconddecision block 1012 to a third decision block 1024.

In the third decision block 1024, the process inspects a count of anumber of consecutive P-Frames. In some systems, it may be desirable tolimit the number of consecutive P-Frames to a predetermined amount tolimit a propagation of error. When the count exceeds a predeterminedthreshold, the process proceeds from the third decision block 1024 tothe first state 1008. Otherwise, the process proceeds to a third state1032.

In the first state 1008, the process encodes the frame as an I-Frame.The process advances from the first state 1008 to a second state 1028,where the process clears the count of consecutive P-Frames and ends.

In the third state 1032, the process encodes the frame as a P-Frame. Theprocess advances from the third state 1032 to a fourth state 1036, wherethe process increments the count of consecutive P-Frames and ends.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart 1100 that generally illustrates another processaccording to an embodiment of the invention of encoding a portion of avideo bitstream to include a redundant motion vector, where theredundant motion vector can be referenced to a selected previous frame.The process described by the flowchart 1100 of FIG. 11 advantageouslyencodes a video bitstream with redundant motion vectors, as does theprocess described in connection with FIG. 9, but the process of FIG. 11can selectively reference a motion vector from one of the frames that isprior to the immediately previous frame to the current frame.

In one embodiment, the first state 904, the second state 908, the startof the first FOR loop 912, the first decision block 916, the third state920, the start of the second FOR loop 924, the fourth state 928, and thefifth state 932 of the flowchart 1100 are as described earlier inconnection with FIG. 9.

In the second decision block 936, the process determines whether the VOPwas encoded as an I-VOP or as a P-VOP. The process proceeds from thesecond decision block 936 to a third decision block 1104 when the VOPcorresponds to a P-VOP. The process returns from the second decisionblock 936 to the start of the second FOR loop 924.

In the third decision block 1104, the process determines whether a framethat is prior to the previous frame is related to the present frame. Theframe that is prior to the previous frame can include theprevious-previous frame, but can also include other previous frames aswell, i.e., whether a frame at time k−2, k−3, k−4 and the like, isrelated to the frame at time k. The process proceeds from the thirddecision block 1104 to a sixth state 1108 when a frame that is prior tothe previous frame is related to the present frame.

The process returns from the third decision block 1104 to the start ofthe second FOR loop 924 when a frame that is prior to the previous frameis unrelated to the present frame. When a frame that is prior to theprevious frame is unrelated to the present frame, a P-VOP in the presentframe should not be referenced to any of the frames prior to theprevious frame. An example of when a frame that is prior to the previousframe may be unrelated to the present frame occurs when there is anintervening scene change between the frames prior to the previous frameand the present frame. As described earlier in connection with FIG. 10,one embodiment of the process further encodes scene changes and/orrapidly changing scenes as consecutive I-VOPs, so that a redundantmotion vector in a present frame can use a VOP in a frame prior to theprevious frame as a reference VOP and provide robust encoding.

In the sixth state 1108, the process selects one of the frames that isprior to the previous frame. A VOP from the selected frame will be usedas a reference for the redundant motion vector of the present frame. Inone embodiment, the frame is selected by matching the VOP in the presentframe to VOPs in the frames prior to the previous frame. A variety oftechniques can be used to find a matching VOP. One example of acriterion includes a calculation and comparison of a sum of absolutedifferences (SAD) between the VOP in the present frame and the VOPs inthe frames prior to the previous frame as displaced by appropriatemotion vector estimates. It will be understood by one of ordinary skillin the art that multiple estimates for the motion vector may be computedin the sixth state 1108. The process advances from the sixth state 1108to a seventh state 1112.

In the seventh state 1112, the process stores a reference to theselected frame in a user data video packet. The reference can correspondto a variety of values, such as a time lag value that indicates how farback the reference frame is in time, a number that corresponds to acount of frames back in the sequence, and the like. As described earlierin connection with FIG. 9, storage of data in the user data video packetallows the generated video bitstream to be downward compatible withstandard MPEG-4 decoders. Although a reference MPEG-4 decoder is notcapable of using data captured in a user data video packet, the presenceof the redundant motion vector data advantageously does not disturb theMPEG-4 decoder from decoding the other portions of the video bitstream,which can comply with the MPEG-4 standard. The user data video packet isindicated by providing a user data start code, which is B2 (hex), as thestart code of the data packet. The user data start code provides anindication to a reference MPEG-4 decoder that the reference MPEG-4decoder should ignore data between the user data start code and the nextstart code received in the bitstream. Further details of the user datavideo packet are described later in connection with FIG. 12B. Theprocess advances from the seventh state 1112 to an eighth state 1116.

In the eighth state 1116, the process stores a redundant motion vectorfor the present VOP based on a corresponding VOP in the selected frame.The redundant motion vector can be calculated or can be retrieved froman earlier calculation, such as from a calculation in the sixth state1108. The process advances from the eighth state 1116 to a ninth state1120.

In the ninth state 1120, the process stores the redundant motion vectorin the user data video packet as described earlier in connection withthe seventh state 1112. The process advances from the ninth state 1120to an optional tenth state 1124.

In the optional tenth state 1124, the process includes a headerextension code (HEC) to the user data video packet generated in theninth state 1120. The presence of the HEC permits a decoder that iscapable of utilizing the redundant motion vector to use the contents ofthe user data video packet, i.e., use the redundant motion vector, evenif the other packets relating to the P-VOP are lost. The process returnsfrom the optional tenth state 1124 to the start of the second FOR loop924 to process the next VOP.

FIG. 12A illustrates a sample of a video bitstream 1200 according to theprior art. The video bitstream 1200 carries the contents of the videoframes or VOPs. It will be understood that a VOP can be a video frame.For the purposes of illustration, the portion of the video bitstream1200 shown in FIG. 12A corresponds to a first frame 1202, F.sub.k, andto a second frame 1204, F.sub.(k+1) (or to VOPs). The frames or VOPs aredivided into multiple video packets (VP), which are carried by the videobitstream 1200. A portion of the multiple VPs that correspond to thefirst frame or VOP 1202, F.sub.k, is shown by a first VP 1206, which inone embodiment includes a VOP start code, a second VP 1208, a third VP1210, and a fourth VP 1212. A portion of the multiple VPs thatcorrespond to the second frame or VOP 1204, F.sub.(k+1), is shown inFIG. 12A by a fifth VP 1220, a sixth VP 1222, a seventh VP 1224, and aneighth VP 1226.

FIG. 12B illustrates a sample of a video bitstream 1250 according to anembodiment of the invention. The video bitstream 1250 includes redundantmotion vectors for robust encoding of the encoded video. In addition,the video bitstream 1250 is advantageously backward compatible with astandard MPEG-4 decoder.

The illustrated portion of the video bitstream 1250 includes a firstframe or VOP 1252, F.sub.k, and a second frame or VOP 1254, F.sub.(k+1).The first frame 1252, F.sub.k, includes multiple VPs. Where the firstframe 1252, F.sub.k, corresponds to a P-Frame, the VPs of the firstframe 1252, F.sub.k, can include VPs relating to both intra-codes andpredictive-codes. P-Frames or P-VOPs are accompanied by user data videopackets, which are used to carry data for the redundant motion vectorsin a manner such that the video bitstream remains compliant with MPEG-4syntax and is backward compatible with a standard MPEG-4 decoder.

A portion of the VOPs corresponding to the first frame 1252, F.sub.k, isillustrated in FIG. 12B. The exemplary VPs shown in FIG. 12A for thefirst frame 1252, F.sub.k, include a first VP 1256, VP.sub.k,0, asecond-to-last VP 1258, VP.sub.k,m−2, a next-to-last VP 1262,VP.sub.k,m−1, and a last VP 1266, VP.sub.k,m.

A redundant motion vector corresponding can be carried by a first userdata video packet 1260, UDVP.sub.k,m−2. In another embodiment, thecorresponding user data video packets follow the video packets (VPs) forthe related P-VOP or P-Frame. The first user data video packet 1260,UDVP.sub.k,m−2, includes a user data start code, which is B2 (hex) inMPEG-4, to indicate the start of a user data video packet.

Not every VOP or Frame in the video bitstream 1250 will necessarily havea corresponding redundant motion vector carried in a user data videopacket. In one embodiment, the video bitstream 1250 includes a redundantmotion vector in a user data video packet for each P-Frame or P-VOP forwhich a redundant motion vector can be computed. For example, a VPfollowing the first frame or VOP 1252 in the bitstream can carry a userdata video packet with the redundant motion vector.

In addition, by encoding two I-Frames sequentially where an I-Frame isused, one embodiment can computer a redundant motion vector for eachP-Frame or P-VOP in the video sequence. However, in other embodiments,not all P-Frames or P-VOPs will include corresponding redundant motionvectors in user data video packets. For example, where a frame prior tothe previous frame is unrelated to the present frame, a redundant motionvector should also not be provided with a P-Frame or P-VOP. In addition,in a system where bandwidth limitations are a constraint, user datavideo packets can also be selectively removed from the video bitstreamso that less than all computable redundant motion vectors may be carriedby the video bitstream 1250.

In one embodiment, the user data video packet corresponding to a P-Frameor P-VOP is positioned later in time in the video bitstream than theP-Frame or P-VOP. However, it will be understood by one of ordinaryskill in the art that in other embodiments, the user data video packetcan also be positioned ahead of the corresponding P-Frame or P-VOP inthe video bitstream.

The second frame 1254, F.sub.(k+1), illustrates another example of thevideo bitstream 1250 with user data video packets. The illustratedportion of the video bitstream 1250 corresponding to the second frame1254, F.sub.(k+1), includes multiple VPs 1270, 1272, 1274, 1278. A userdata video packet 1276, UDVP.sub.k+1,m−1, carries a redundant motionvector that corresponds to the VP 1274, VP.sub.k+1,m−1.

It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that a userdata video packet can also be used to carry other data. In oneembodiment, a user data header code is included by the encoder after theuser data start code to indicate the type of data that follows. Forexample, the user data header code can be used to indicate that thefollowing data is a redundant motion vector, a header extension code(HEC), a lag value or other value that indicates the reference frame forthe redundant motion vector, and the like. For example, the user dataheader code can correspond to a 16-bit code. It will be understood byone of ordinary skill in the art that in other embodiments, the numberof bits in the user data header code can vary in a wide range. Forexample, in another embodiment, the header code can correspond to an8-bit code. It one embodiment, multiple amounts of supplemental data,such as a redundant motion vector and a lag value, is carried in asingle user data video packet. In other embodiments, separate user datavideo packets carry the multiple amounts of supplemental data.

FIG. 13 is a high-level block diagram of a video decoder 1300 accordingto an embodiment of the invention. The video decoder 1300 can beimplemented by dedicated hardware or by software executing in ageneral-purpose computer. An encoded bitstream 1302 is provided as aninput to a demultiplexer 1304. The demultiplexer 1304 reads start codevalues in the video bitstream and allocates the visual data to theappropriate decoder. The visual data is distributed to a VOP decoder1306, a face decoder 1308, a still texture decoder 1310, and a meshdecoder 1312.

The VOP decoder 1306 further includes a shape decoder, a motioncompensation decoder, and a texture decoder. The VOP decoder 1306combines the decoded shape information, motion information, and textureinformation to reconstruct a VOP. One embodiment of a VOP decoder isdescribed in greater detail later in connection with FIG. 14.

The face decoder 1308 decodes face objects. The still texture decoder1310 decodes still texture objects. The mesh decoder 1312 decodes meshobjects, which can include motion referenced components. Outputs of theVOP decoder 1306, the face decoder 1308, the still texture decoder 1310,and the mesh decoder 1312 are provided to a composition stage, whichintegrates the various visual objects together to form the visualpicture.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram of a video object plane (VOP) decoder 1400according to an embodiment of the invention. The VOP decoder 1400 can beimplemented by dedicated hardware or by software executing in ageneral-purpose computer. The encoded bitstream 1302 is provided as aninput to the demultiplexer 1304, which distributes the data in thebitstream according to corresponding start code values associated withthe data. For the decoding of a VOP according to the MPEG-4 standard,the demultiplexer 1304 provides data corresponding to a start code valueof B6 (hex), i.e., a bit string of 000001B6 for the VOP start code. Avariety of other data identifiers instructs the VOP decoder 1400 how tointerpret the encoded data. For example, a video encoding typeidentifier instructs the VOP decoder 1400 whether the encoded datacorresponds to an I-VOP, a P-VOP, a B-VOP, or an S-VOP.

Data following a VOP start code is directed to one of a first motiondecoder 1402, a first shape decoder 1404, or an optional texture decoder1406. In one embodiment, the video bitstream carries the redundantmotion vector data in a user data video packet, which is ignored by thefirst motion decoder 1402. Data following a user data start code isdirected by the demultiplexer 1304 to a second motion decoder 1408.

The first shape decoder 1404 decodes the shape of the video object. Forexample, the shape of the video object can correspond to a rectangularshape. A first memory 1410 stores the reconstructed VOPs of the previousframe, which is the reference frame for a standard MPEG-4 decoder. Thefirst motion decoder 1402 decodes a motion vector and a first motioncompensator 1412 relates shifts of a reconstructed VOP in the priorreference frame with the motion vector to generate a VOP for the presentframe. The VOP calculated by the first motion compensator 1412 isprovided as an input to a VOP/MB/Pixel Selector/Blender 1414 andoptionally to an optional error estimator 1416.

A second memory 1418 stores reference VOPs for the redundant motionvector. The term “former reconstructed VOP” will be used herein todenote the reference VOP for the redundant motion vector. For example,the second memory 1418 can store the reconstructed VOPs of theprevious-previous frame as a reference frame for the redundant motionvector. It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art thatthe second memory 1418 can include VOPs of other frames, where framesother than the previous-previous frame can also be used as a referenceframe for the redundant motion vectors. An output of the first memory1410 is provided as an input to the second memory 1418 as new VOPs arereconstructed. It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the artthat the first memory 1410 and the second memory 1418 can be formed fromseparate address spaces within the same memory device, and that atransfer of data between the first memory 1410 and the second memory1418 can effectively be implemented by shifting addresses.

A second shape decoder 1420 decodes the shape of the video object. Thesecond shape decoder 1420 can receive the same encoded shape informationas the first shape decoder 1404. In one embodiment, the second shapedecoder 1420 is the same as the first shape decoder 1404. An output ofthe second shape decoder 1420 is provided as inputs to a second motioncompensator 1422.

The second motion decoder 1408 decodes the redundant motion vector andprovides the decoded redundant motion vector as an input to the secondmotion compensator 1422. In one embodiment, the redundant motion vectoris carried by the encoded bitstream 1302 in a user data video packet,and the redundant motion vector is stripped from the encoded bitstream1302 by the demultiplexer 1304 by detection of the user data start codeand the like. However, the skilled practitioner will appreciate that inanother standard, whether existing or yet to be developed, a redundantmotion vector can be designated with its own start code or equivalent,and the demultiplexer 1304 can strip the redundant motion vector fromthe encoded bitstream 1302 accordingly. The second motion compensator1422 generates a redundant VOP by combining the reconstructed former VOPfrom the second memory 1418 with the motion vector from the motiondecoder 1408. An output of the second motion compensator 1422 isprovided as an input to the VOP/MB/Pixel Selector/Blender 1414 andoptionally to the optional error estimator 1416.

The VOP/MB/Pixel Selector/Blender 1414 can select between the VOP,macroblock, or pixel provided by the first motion compensator 1412 andthe VOP provided by the second motion compensator 1422. These can beprovided individually for Y, U, and V values. The VOP/MB/PixelSelector/Blender 1414 can also weigh contributions from a previous frameand previous-previous frame in accordance with an inverse of a relativeexpected error between the reconstruction with the previous frame andreconstruction with the previous-previous frame. The VOP/MB/PixelSelector/Blender 1414 provides the selected or blended VOP, macroblock,or pixel as an input to a VOP reconstruction stage 1424.

If only one of the VOPs generated by the first motion compensator 1412and the second motion compensator 1422 is available, the VOP/MB/PixelSelector/Blender 1414 selects the available VOP. In one embodiment, whenthe previous frame is available and a VOP can be reconstructed from theprevious frame, the VOP/MB/Pixel Selector/Blender 1414 selects theoutput of the first motion compensator 1412. The VOP/MB/PixelSelector/Blender 1414 selects the output of the second motioncompensator 1422 when the previous frame is not available and a VOPcannot be reconstructed from the previous frame. A missing framedetector 1426 can detect missing or dropped frames by monitoring theencoded bitstream 1302 and providing an indication to the VOP/MB/PixelSelector/Blender 1414. The missing frame detector 1426 can detect amissing frame by observing time stamps, observing gaps, and the like.

In another embodiment, when both VOPs from the first motion compensator1412 and the second motion compensator 1422 are available, the optionalerror estimator 1416 selects between the VOP from the first motioncompensator 1412 and the second motion compensator 1422 such that theVOP from the first motion compensator 1412 is not necessarily theselected VOP. For example, a criterion such as sum of absolutedifferences (SAD) may indicate that a VOP generated from the formerreconstructed VOP and provided by the second motion compensator 1422 mayresult in a better picture. In another embodiment, the outputs of thefirst motion compensator 1412 and the second motion compensator 1422 areblended or combined to provide minimal mean squared error (MMSE)decoding.

The optional texture decoder 1406 decodes the texture by applying avariety of decoding techniques, such as inverse discrete cosinetransform techniques. An output of the optional texture decoder 1406 maybe optionally provided as an input to the VOP reconstruction stage 1424,which combines the texture information with the shape decoded and motioncompensated VOP to generated a reconstructed VOP 1428. The reconstructedVOP 1428 is provided as an input to the first memory 1410 for possiblefuture use as a reference VOP.

FIG. 15 is a flowchart 1500 that generally illustrates a processaccording to an embodiment of the invention of decoding a videobitstream encoded with redundant motion vectors, where the process usesa redundant motion vector as a backup to a standard motion vector. Oneembodiment of the process is implemented as a plug-in to a Web browser,such as Microsoft.RTM. Internet Explorer developed by MicrosoftCorporation. The process can be performed either in real time orasynchronously in a batch process. Where a user is viewing the decodedvideo bitstream, the process should be performed in real time. Anotherprocess, which will be described later in connection with FIG. 16, usesthe redundant motion not only as a backup, but also as an alternative tothe standard motion vector.

The process starts at a first state 1504, where the process receives anencoded video bitstream. The process can receive the encoded videobitstream from a computer network, through wireless communication, andthe like. The process advances from the first state 1504 to a start of afirst FOR loop 1508.

In the start of the first FOR loop 1508, the process evaluates whetherthe frames in the video bitstream have been processed, i.e., whetherthere is more data to decode from the video bitstream or whetherprocessing is complete. For example, a video clip, such as anadvertisement or a movie may come to an end. In other examples, a videoteleconferencing session may come to an end, or a connection to thevideo bitstream may be lost. When the frames in the video bitstream havebeen processed, the process ends. When there are more frames to beprocessed, the process proceeds from the start of the first FOR loop1508 to a start of a second FOR loop 1512. It will be understood by oneof ordinary skill in the art that the first FOR loop 1508 and the secondFOR loop 1512 can be implemented by a variety of types of loops, and theFOR loops shown in FIG. 15 are presented only to illustrate oneembodiment of the process.

In the start of the second FOR loop 1512, the process evaluates whetherthere are more VOPs to be processed in the present frame. When the VOPsof the present frame have been processed, the process proceeds from thesecond FOR loop 1512 to a second state 1516, where the processreconstructs the frame from the decoded VOPs. The process returns fromthe second state 1516 to the start of the first FOR loop 1508 to processthe next frame. When there are more VOPs to be processed for the presentframe, the process proceeds from the start of the second FOR loop 1512to a first decision block 1520.

In the first decision block 1520, the process evaluates whether theencoded VOP that is to be decoded corresponds to a P-VOP or not. In oneembodiment, the process reads the 2-bit vop_coding_type header todetermine the type of VOP. A vop_coding_type value of 01 binaryindicates that the data corresponds to a P-VOP. When the encoded VOP isa P-VOP, the process proceeds from the first decision block 1520 to asecond decision block 1524. When the encoded VOP is not a P-VOP, e.g.,is an I-VOP, the process proceeds from the first decision block 1520 toa third state 1528, where the VOP is decoded.

In the second decision block 1524, the process determines whether normalvideo packets are available. In one embodiment, the second decisionblock 1524 determines whether any normal video packet is available. Whennormal video packets are available, the process proceeds from the seconddecision block 1524 to decode state 1530.

In the decode state 1530, the process decodes the normal video packetsthat are available and advances to a third decision block 1532 to decodewith a redundant motion vector, if available. When the previous frame isavailable as a reference frame, the process proceeds from the seconddecision block 1524 to the third state 1528.

In the third state 1528, the process decodes the VOP. For example, wherethe VOP corresponds to an I-VOP, the I-VOP can be decoded withoutreference to the contents of another frame. In another example, wherethe VOP corresponds to a P-VOP and the previous frame is available as areference, the process decodes the VOP by techniques such as motioncompensating the reference VOP in the reference frame by the motionvector indicated in the P-VOP. The process returns from the third state1528 to the start of the second FOR loop 1512.

In the third decision block 1532, the process determines whether aredundant motion vector is available. In one embodiment, the processretrieves the redundant motion vector from a user data video packet thatfollows the VOP in the video bitstream. In one embodiment, the redundantmotion vector is identified within the user data video packet bymonitoring a user data header code, such as a 16-bit code, thatdesignates that the data in the user data video packet following theuser data header code corresponds to a redundant motion vector. Theskilled practitioner will appreciate that a redundant motion vector maynot always be encoded in the video bitstream. For example, wherebandwidth were limited, or where there was a scene change between theprevious frame and the present frame, the encoding system mayselectively include a redundant motion vector for each P-VOP. Inaddition, a redundant motion vector that is encoded in the videobitstream may not always be available. For example, data for a redundantmotion vector may become corrupted or get lost during transmission.

The process proceeds from the third decision block 1532 to a fourthdecision block 1536 when the applicable redundant motion vector isavailable. When the redundant motion vector is not available, theprocess optionally proceeds from the third decision block 1532 to anoptional fourth state 1540, where the process applies error maskingtechniques.

In the fourth decision block 1536, the process determines whether thereference frame for the redundant motion vector is available. In oneembodiment, the reference frame for the redundant motion vector is theprevious-previous frame. In another embodiment, the reference frame forthe redundant motion vector is selected from multiple frames that areprior to the previous frame. A lag value can be retrieved from the userdata video packet to determine which frame is to be used as thereference frame. If the frame that is referenced by the redundant motionvector is available, the process proceeds from the fourth decision block1536 to a fifth state 1544. Otherwise, the process optionally proceedsfrom the fourth decision block 1536 to the optional fourth state 1540.

In the optional fourth state 1540, the process applies error maskingtechniques to mask the error from a lack of data. For example, theprocess can copy surrounding visual data, can interpolate surroundingdata, and the like. The process returns from the optional fourth state1540 to the start of the second FOR loop 1512 to process the next VOP.

In the fifth state 1544, the process decodes or reconstructs the VOP bycombining the redundant motion vector with the appropriate VOP from thereference frame. Advantageously, the process reconstructs a VOP in thefifth state 1544 that is not available to be decoded by a standardMPEG-4 decoding process. The VOP reconstructed from the redundant motionvector allows a picture to be displayed with a relatively low error, andfurther advantageously can decrease the error propagation of a missingor dropped frame in subsequent frames.

FIG. 16 is a flowchart 1600 that generally illustrates another processaccording to an embodiment of the invention of decoding a videobitstream encoded with redundant motion vectors, where the process usesa redundant motion vector as a backup to a standard motion vector or inresponse to a high error estimate. The process can be performed eitherin real time or asynchronously in a batch process. Where a user isviewing the decoded video bitstream, the process should be performed inreal time. In common with the process described earlier in connectionwith FIG. 15, the process of FIG. 16 can use a redundant motion vectorto generate a VOP when a reference frame for a standard motion vector isnot available. In contrast to the process of FIG. 15, the process ofFIG. 16 can also advantageously replace the VOP generated by thestandard motion vector when the process determines that a likelihood ofcorruption in the VOP generated by the standard motion vector isrelatively high.

In one embodiment, the first state 1504, the start of the first FOR loop1508, the start of the second FOR loop 1512, the first decision block1520, the second decision block 1524, the third state 1528, and theoptional fourth state 1540 are as described earlier in connection withFIG. 15.

In the second decision block 1524, the process of FIG. 16 determineswhether the previous frame or portion thereof is missing or has beendropped. When the previous frame or portion is missing, the processproceeds from the second decision block 1524 to a third decision block1604 to determine whether decoding with a redundant motion vector isavailable. In one embodiment, when any normal data is available, thenormal data is decoded and used. When the previous frame is available asa reference frame, the process proceeds from the second decision block1524 to the third state 1528.

In the third state 1528, the process decodes the VOP. The decoded VOPcan correspond to, for example, an I-VOP or to a P-VOP. The processadvances from the third state 1528 to the third decision block 1604.

In the third decision block 1604, the process determines whether aredundant motion vector is available. As described earlier in connectionwith the third decision block 1532 of FIG. 15, a redundant motion vectormay not always be available in the video bitstream. When a redundantmotion vector is available, the process proceeds from the third decisionblock 1604 to a fourth decision block 1608. Otherwise, the processproceeds from the third decision block to a fifth decision block 1616.

In the fourth decision block 1608, the process determines whether thereference frame corresponding to the redundant motion vector isavailable. For example, the reference frame can correspond to theprevious-previous frame. In other embodiments, the reference frame canbe selected from frames that were received prior to the previous frame.The appropriate frame can be selected by, for example, relating theappropriate frame to a lag value corresponding to the redundant motionvector. The process proceeds from the fourth decision block 1608 to thefifth state 1612 when the reference frame is available. Otherwise, theprocess proceeds from the fourth decision block 1608 to the fifthdecision block 1616.

In the fifth state 1612, the process decodes or reconstructs the VOP,the macroblock, or the pixel, by combining the redundant motion vectorand the reference VOP from the reference frame. Y, U, and V values canbe treated independently. For purposes of illustration, the process isdescribed in the context of a VOP, but the skilled practitioner willappreciate that it can also apply to macroblocks and to pixels. The VOPreconstructed from the redundant motion vector advantageously provides aVOP, and potentially, an entire frame, to be generated even when thereference frame for the standard motion vector is not available. Inaddition, a VOP reconstructed from the redundant motion vector alsoprovides an alternative VOP to the VOP reconstructed from the standardmotion vector, thereby allowing the process to advantageously selectbetween the VOPs to reduce error in the displayed picture as will bedescribed in further detail later. The process advances from the fifthstate 1612 to the fifth decision block 1616.

In the fifth decision block 1616, the process determines whetherportions of both VOPs (or macroblocks or pixels) were reconstructed,i.e., whether portions from both the VOP from the standard motion vectorand the VOP from the redundant motion vector were reconstructed. The Y,U, and V components can be treated independently. The process proceedsfrom the fifth decision block 1616 to a sixth state 1624 when portionsof both VOPs were reconstructed. Otherwise, the process proceeds fromthe fifth decision block 1616 to a sixth decision block 1620.

In the sixth decision block 1620, the process determines whether eitherVOP was decoded or reconstructed. If no VOP was reconstructed, theprocess proceeds from the sixth decision block 1620 to the optionalfourth state 1540, where the process may apply an error maskingtechnique to substitute for the missing VOP, and the process returns tothe start of the second FOR loop 1512 to process the next VOP. When oneof the VOPs was decoded, the process proceeds from the sixth decisionblock 1620 to the seventh state 1628, where the process uses the decodedVOP in the present frame. The process returns from the seventh state1628 to the start of the second FOR loop 1512 to process the next VOP.

In the sixth state 1624, the process computes a statistical measure oferror relating to the VOP reconstructed from the standard motion vector.For example, the process can compute a minimal mean square error (MMSE)of the VOP. The process advances from the sixth state 1624, to an eighthstate 1632, where the process computes a comparable statistical measureof error relating to the VOP reconstructed from the redundant motionvector. The process advances from the eighth state 1632 to a seventhdecision block 1636.

In the seventh decision block 1636, the process determines which VOPreconstructed a result with a smaller error estimate. When the VOPgenerated from the standard motion vector produces a lower errorestimate, the process proceeds from the seventh decision block 1636 to aninth state 1640, and the process uses the VOP decoded from the standardmotion vector in the present frame. When the VOP reconstructed from theredundant motion vector produces a lower error estimate, the processproceeds from the seventh decision block 1636 to a tenth state 1644,where the process uses the VOP decoded from the redundant motion vectorin the present frame. The process advances from either the ninth state1640 or from the tenth state 1644 to the start of the second FOR loop1512 to continue to process the next VOP.

Various embodiments of the invention have been described above. Althoughthis invention has been described with reference to these specificembodiments, the descriptions are intended to be illustrative of theinvention and are not intended to be limiting. Various modifications andapplications may occur to those skilled in the art without departingfrom the true spirit and scope of the invention as defined in theappended claims.

1APPENDIX A Incorporation by Reference of Commonly Owned ApplicationsThe following patent applications, commonly owned and filed on the sameday as the present application, are hereby incorporated herein in theirentirety by reference thereto: Application Attorney Title No. Docket No.SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR INTV.005A ENHANCED ERROR CONCEALMENT IN A VIDEODECODER SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR INTV.006A DECODING OF PARTIALLYCORRUPTED REVERSIBLE VARIABLE LENGTH CODE (RVLC) INTRA-CODED MACROBLOCKSAND PARTIAL BLOCK DECODING OF CORRUPTED MACROBLOCKS IN A VIDEO DECODERSYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR INTV.007A DECODING OF SYSTEMATIC FORWARD ERRORCORRECTION (FEC) CODES OF SELECTED DATA IN A VIDEO BITSTREAM SYSTEMS ANDMETHODS FOR INTV.008A MANAGEMENT OF DATA IN A RING BUPFER FOR ERRORRESILIENT DECODING OF A VIDEO BITSTREAM SYSTEMS AND METHODS FORINTV.009A REDUCING ERROR PROPAGATION IN A VIDEO DATA STREAM SYSTEMS ANDMETHODS FOR INTV.010A REFRESHING MACROBLOCKS SYSTEMS AND METHODS FORINTV.011A REDUCING FRAME RATES IN A VIDEO DATA STREAM SYSTEMS ANDMETHODS FOR INTV.012A PERFORMING GENERATING ERROR CORRECTION INFORMATIONFOR A MEDIA STREAM SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR INTV.013A PERFORMING BIT RATEALLOCATION FOR A VIDEO DATA STREAM SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR INTV.015ADECODING REDUNDANT MOTION VECTORS IN COMPRESSED VIDEO BITSTREAMS SYSTEMSAND METHODS FOR INTV.016A DETECTING SCENE CHANGES IN A VIDEO DATA STREAM

1. A process of providing a redundant motion vectors in an encoded videobitstream, the process comprising: receiving a plurality of video framesto be encoded; determining whether to encode a video frame as anIntra-coded frame (I-frame) or as a Predictive-coded frame (P-frame);when encoding a P-frame: encoding a first video object in the frame as afirst predictive video object plane (P-VOP); determining whether thefirst P-VOP is related to a second VOP in a video frame at least twovideo frames prior to the P-frame that is being encoded; and computing aredundant motion vector that references motion for the first P-VOP basedon the second VOP.
 2. The process as defined in claim 1, furthercomprising storing the redundant motion vector in a user data videopacket such that the encoded video bitstream is compliant with standardMPEG-4 syntax.
 3. The process as defined in claim 2, further comprisingstoring a header extension code in the user data video packet.
 4. Theprocess as defined in claim 1, further comprising storing the redundantmotion vector in a user data video packet that immediately follows adata packet corresponding to the first P-VOP in the bitstream.
 5. Theprocess as defined in claim 1, wherein the second VOP that is used as areference for the redundant motion vector is from a video frame that istwo frames prior to the P-frame that is being encoded.
 6. The process asdefined in claim 1, further comprising: selecting a video frame thevideo frames that are at least two video frames prior to the P-framethat is being encoded, where the selected video frame is related to theP-frame that is being encoded; selecting the second VOP from theselected video frame; and providing an indication of the selected videoframe in the encoded video bitstream.
 7. The process as defined in claim1, further comprising automatically encoding at least two I-framesconsecutively when encoding a frame as an I-frame.
 8. The process asdefined in claim 1, wherein the determining whether to encode a videoframe as an I-frame comprises detecting a scene change, furthercomprising: encoding the video frame corresponding to the scene changeas an I-frame; and automatically encoding a video frame subsequent tothe video frame that corresponds to the scene change as a scene change.9. The process as defined in claim 1, wherein the determining whether toencode a video frame as an I-frame comprises detecting a rapidlychanging scene, further comprising: encoding the video framecorresponding to the rapidly changing scene as an I-frame; andautomatically encoding a video frame subsequent to the video frame thatcorresponds to the rapidly changing as a scene change.
 10. The processas defined in claim 1, further comprising wirelessly transmitting theencoded video bitstream such that the encoded video bitstream can bereceived by at least one remote video decoder.